It is amazing how many countries, cities and nationalities are involved in chess openings. Let's have some fun and compile a full list!
I will be adding the replies from the comments to the post until we have all of them.

To warm-up, here are some obvious ones:
1. The French Defense: 1.e4 e6
2. The Sicilian: 1.e4 c5
3. They Ruy Lopez (aka Spanish opening): 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5

More? Please rely on your memory only, no googling!

4. Dutch Defense (Bob Clowar): 1.d4 f5
5. Scotch Game (Ciaran Ruane): 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4
6. Italian Game (Ciaran Ruane): 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4
7.Scandinavian Defense (Ciaran Ruane): 1.e4 d5
8.Catalan Opening (Ciaran Ruane): 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 d5 4.Bg2
9. Indian defenses (Ciaran Ruane)
10. Petroff's Defense (aka Russian Opening, karpidis): 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6
11. English opening (karpidis): 1.c4
12. Vienna Game (Felipe Pait): 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3
13. Austrian attack (Ganesh): 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 4.f4
14. Berlin Defense (Ganesh): 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6
15. Budapest gambit (Jerry Weldin): 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5
16. Moscow variation of the Sicilian Defense (Jerry Weldin): 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5
17. Meran variation (Øyvind Pedersen): 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nf3 e6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Bd3 dxc4 7.Bxc4
18. London system (Øyvind Pedersen) : 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Bf4


Not bad, but I know a few more!


 

	11. Written by This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it on 07:38 27 ôåâðàëÿ 2010 ã.
	Vienna Gambit The Mosgow Variation of the Sicilian.  1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5

	12. Written by Øyvind Pedersen on 07:39 27 ôåâðàëÿ 2010 ã.
	Vienna Gambit Meran/anti-Meran; London system

	13. Written by This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it on 10:15 27 ôåâðàëÿ 2010 ã.
	Openings There is the Portuguese Variation 1.e4 d5 2exd5 Nf6 3 d4 Bg4!? and the Icelandic Gambit 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Nf6 3.c4 e6!?

	14. Written by Miyu on 13:17 27 ôåâðàëÿ 2010 ã.
	Openings - Polish Defence: 1.d4 b5  - Danish Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3  - Hungarian Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Be7  - English Defence: 1.d4 e6 2.c4 b6  - Leningrad Variation of the Dutch: 1.d4 f5 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 g6

	15. Written by This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it on 18:49 28 ôåâðàëÿ 2010 ã.
	Openings And there is the Cambridge Springs Defense to the Queen's Gambit Declined: 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Nbd7 5.e3 c6 6.Nf3 Qa5. This is named after the Pennsylvania (USA) town where the famous 1904 tournament was played. See: http://home.roadrunner.com/~etzel/cs1904.htm

	16. Written by This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it on 18:16 01 ìàðòà 2010 ã.
	Openings Mexican Defense is missing :-)   1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 Nc6  ECO A50 http://exal.0x2.org

	17. Written by Èâàí Áðþõàíîâ on 08:21 06 ìàðòà 2010 ã.
	Âèêòîðèíà Äåáþò Áåíòà Ëàðñåíà 1.b3

	18. Written by This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it on 15:31 07 ìàðòà 2010 ã.
	Âèêòîðèíà the polish b4  polish defense b6

	19. Written by Èðýíà on 08:09 25 ìàðòà 2010 ã.
	âèêòîðèíà ëàòûøñêèé ãàìáèò http://www.chessds.lv